Reading Habits free essay sample

It is no understatement to say that I read whenever and wherever I can. Reading is my absolute favorite activity, bar none. I read everything I can get my hands on; books, essays, newspapers and magazines. Every night, before going to sleep, I will read as much as I can before drifting off. I devour books, going through 2 or 3 a week. Over time, I have progressed from slivers of texts to weighty tomes of exposition. I can give thanks to a single person for many of my reading habits, and that person is my father. In a effort to encourage reading, John Fitzpatrick told his four children many years ago that there was a unlimited budget for books. I asked for this statement in writing and immediately set forth to enjoying this privilege to an extreme. When I was eight years old, I read story books about spaceships and dragons, and heroics where the good guys always win and evil is always vanquished. We will write a custom essay sample on Reading Habits or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Slowly, as my adolescent mind developed, I started to read things that were more complex and intellectually challenging. Following the stories of J.R.R. Tolkien and Robert Louis Stevenson, I started reading books such as To Kill a Mockingbird, The Outsiders and The Portrait of Dorian Grey. By freshman year, I was reading books by Herman Hesse, Nobokov and Dostoevsky. Each book expanded my horizons and introduced new questions to my mind. My father learned the unintended consequence of his policy as it applied to a prolific reader: an unlimited financial liability. He attempted several times to renegotiate the terms of our agreement but gained only one concession: limiting the number of books that could be purchased at a single time (solution: more trips to the book store). I continued to read voraciously, adding newspapers and magazines to my love of fiction. Each story taught me something. Every story challenged my thinking in large and small ways. One book has been particularly instrumental toward shaping my thinking: George Orwell’s masterpiece, Nineteen Eighty-Four. This small book influenced my thinking on topics such as freedom and control. The aspect of the book that I would like to focus on is the concept of â€Å"Newspeak.† Newspeak is the constructed language that Big Brother creates. It is related to English, but is a reductionist language. The language seeks to eliminate all synonyms and antonyms. All words with a negative meaning or connotation were eliminated. Instead of having the word â€Å"bad†, in it’s place was the Newspeak word â€Å"ungood.† Words with a superlative meaning such as â€Å"excellent† or â€Å"superb† were all replaced by the Newspeak word â€Å"doubleplusgood.† The purpose of the language is to extend control over the people who speak and think in it. Newspeak is meant to make rebellion and â€Å"thoughtcrime† impossible by removing all words that express such concepts. The stated end goal of this language is to make the only thought that Big Brother’s subjects can think is â€Å"yes†. So how has this concept of a constructed language influenced my thinking? I became more aware and sensitive to the power of language. Some governments have the ability to censor books and news to remove anything or anyone that challenges goals or ideals. The censorship of language is even more ominous because this removes the ability to verbalize ideas or question discrepancies between words and actions. Simply, if words do not exist, feelings and concepts cannot be conveyed between people and within societies. Knowing this, it is interesting to note that a 2011 edition of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has just been published by NewSouth Books, replacing the word n***** with slave and eliminates the term Injun. The 216 uses of the word â€Å"n*****† and â€Å"injun† were replaced with the â€Å"politically correct† word â€Å"slave.† Critics of the NewSouth Books edition question the removal of the actual words that the author wrote. Storytelling is not random, each word has a place and a specific purpose in a piece. I do not believe that Mark Twain would have agreed to remove the words which conveyed the cultural and historical context of his storytelling. Mark Twain was satirizing the racism that was endemic within his society. As evidence, a quote by Twain provides insight into his thinking on this very matter: â€Å"The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and a lightning bug.† In chapter three of Nineteen Eighty-Four Orwell writes if all records told the same tale—then the lie passed into history and became truth. He further writes, Day by day and almost minute by minute the past was brought up to date.† Orwell continued by saying, nor was any item of newswhich conflicted with the needs of the moment, ever allowed to remain on record. The sanitizing of a now historical novel to meet the political needs of the moment robs the story of its essential truth about the racism rampant in 1884 Southern society. I hope this essay gives you an insight into my reading habits and highlights a novel that continues to be relevant today, not just to me, but to society as a whole.

Importance of Project Methodology

Importance of Project Methodology The significance and complexity of business operations require a comprehensive project methodology that incorporates various aspects relating to the organization and management of units such as subcontractors and customer personnel, and synchronization of tools such as software and various business services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Project Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An effective project methodology offers various strategic, technical and operation benefits, which ensures minimal risks relating to the delivery of a project. Concerning the strategic benefits, an appropriate project methodology promotes confidence among customers and the management so that tasks become convenient and team members can deliver on time. In this regard, an organization embarks on early assessment of risks and challenges associated with a project and develop realistic strategies to overcome the hurdles . The technical benefits of a project methodology include facilitating the evaluation of projects’ validity by off-site managers who undertake status assessment and embark on early measures to correct problems. Organizations that employ a proper project methodology enjoy operational benefits that are crucial to the empowerment of teams involved in a project. To realize cost-effective projects that are within schedules, an organization requires an environment that encourages teams to perform tasks appropriately and within a short time. In this regard, the organization can deliver projects on time and thus boost its efforts in promoting confidence and loyalty among customers. Although both Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma have undergone rigorous tests as tools for enhancing the quality of products and services in an organization, Six Sigma offers an all-encompassing approach that ensures an organization enjoys most of the benefits of TQM. The quality of programs in an IT department depends on the quality of leadership, focus on customers, deployment strategies, integration of infrastructure and the level of education and training. In this regard, adopting the Six Sigma approach would ensure that an organization realizes its strategic goals and plans.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Improvement of programs in an IT department requires a leadership style that minimizes organizational hierarchy and eliminates barriers that might hamper experimentation and innovation. Innovative employees are essential for the success of business entities in the informationtechnology industry. Also, effective leaders facilitate proper integration of infrastructure, which allows a proper progress of projects. Customer-oriented approaches create the feeling that customers are a valued part of an organization and thus enhance customer loyalty. Loyal customers play a significant role in promoting an organization through personal marketing and contribute to quality improvement undertakings. Strategic deployment of resources within an IT department ensures proper synchronization of tools and personnel and facilitates the realization of performance goals. The Six Sigma tool defines a disciplined framework that creates an accommodating environment in terms of internal communication. The process of quality improvement requires collective efforts within a department, which largely relies on effective internal communication. In this regard, individuals in various capacities within an IT department can share and work towards a common goal. Another significant aspect of Six Sigma is the focus on education and training, which are fundamental factors concerning workers’ performance. Quality improvement programs require committed employs, who can utilize various tools to understand and solve problems in a department. In this regard, Six Sigma provides approaches that offer practical solutions to problems by encouraging a top-to-down training of personnel. Adopting the Six Sigma tool would provide an IT department with an excellent approach to quality improvement programs and the realization of organizational goals.

Case analysis on PepsiCo's Diversification Strategy in 2008 Essay

Case analysis on PepsiCo's Diversification Strategy in 2008 - Essay Example Nevertheless, the challenge for PepsiCo is on how to improve its share of the international market, and how it would improve its sales in beverages and food commodities through appropriate market strategies. Recommendations Recommendation 1: Create an online retail market. This retail market can make their markets more accessible to the consumers, regardless of the consumers’ location. Tie-ups with local stores in the major cities and local stores can help direct the consumers towards areas where they can access the products they want. Recommendation 2: Increase accessibility of goods by increasing the number of products in the local stores and shops. More local stores must have their supply of PepsiCo products, from the beverages to their food items. Such goods must reach as many stores in both the cities and the rural areas in as many countries as possible. The company can provide online link-ups to these stores – to give local consumers the opportunity to access thes e goods through the internet and have them delivered to their homes or be picked up in the stores. Recommendation 3 Take out advertisements and commercials to run in the TV, newspapers, and similar media using the local talents or familiar celebrities in these countries. These advertisements can also run in magazines and in shopping areas, using these familiar and local celebrities. Promotional tours for these celebrities can also be used to assist in establishing the popularity and patronage of the products. Tie-ups with local activities in these countries can also be carried out. Significant factor list: 1. Its rival company Coca-Cola has created a formidable international market with a firm footing on many developing nations. 2. Its Quaker Oats products are not popular brands and products outside the United States. 3. Its recent acquisitions like Quaker Oats and Frito Lay Brands have not been popular brands outside the United States. Product lines like Fritos Corn Chips, Captain Crunch Cereal, and Cracker Jack popcorn, among others are not popular and strong products outside the United States. For the most part, these products are expensive purchases for other states, especially the developing nations. 4. The international crisis has affected sales for most major corporations operating in the local and in the international market. 5. Some of the local stores in countries outside the United States do not carry the PepsiCo and Quaker Oats products. 6. PepsiCo has not reached the local and cultural level of consumer appeal. It lacks a connection with the local people and such disconnect makes it more difficult for the company to be more appealable to the local consumers. 7. Environmental concerns on water consumption have been raised and have called for the company’s participation in conservation efforts. This implies higher production costs for the corporation. Justification of each recommendation Justification for Recommendation 1 Almost everything an d everyone these days is online. PepsiCo must take advantage of this new medium in order to ensure that its products would reach the most number of people in the international market. The internet is one of the most convenient, innovative, and time-saving technologies available today. It is a medium which allows users

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT 2002 IN MY OWN OPINION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SARBANES-OXLEY ACT 2002 IN MY OWN OPINION - Essay Example The solution that was implemented is known as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). The Sarbanes-Oxley is a piece of legislation that changed the business world forever. The Act was created in order to raise investor confidence in the marketplace. One of the major problems the markets were facing was that greedy corporate officials were taken advantage of their position in order to make themselves rich at the expense of the shareholders and other stakeholders of the company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act fixed the problem by making the CEO and top officials liable in cases of fraud. The section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act mandates that senior management certify the accuracy of the financial reports (Answers, 2010). If there is fraud present in the financial statement of a company the top executive of the firm faces fines of up to $25 million and prison terms of up to 20 years. Another problem that existed prior to the creation of SOX was the possibility of collusion between the external auditors and the executive managerial staff. In the Enron case the auditors knew about the fraud, but decided to stay quiet due to economic interest. SOX changed the rules of the game with the creation of the independent auditor report. An auditing firm of a public corporation cannot have any other accounting contracts with the firm they are auditing. SOX also helped prevent fraud because it implemented new internal control protocols that help prevent fraudulent activity. Section 404 of SOX requires that each annual report of a public company contain an internal control report. The internal control reports have to include the following two things: a) A statement of management’s responsibility for the establishment of an adequate internal control structure for financial reporting; b) assessment of the effectiveness of the internal control structure at the conclusion of the latest fiscal year (Sec,

Promotion of Effective Communication †Workbook Essay Example for Free

Promotion of Effective Communication – Workbook Essay Question  1 Look at your company’s policies and procedures on completing records and maintaining effective communication, what is your role? Answer: I browsed and read my organisation’s policy regarding the service user’s rights and those legislations which promotes equality, diversity, and discrimination. a. Each service user has a right to information regarding their care service that does not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnic origin, creed, colour, religion, political affiliation, disability or impairments, marital status, parenthood, sexual gender or sexual orientation. b. Each service user has the right of access to their personal care records and to comment on them accordingly. Service users have the right to appoint an advocate to make their wishes and preferences known if they are unable to do so. c. Each service user has the right to be assured that no personal or confidential information concerning their affairs will be disclosed to a third party without their express permission. d. Each service user has the right to communicate using their preferred methods of communication and language. When completing records and reports look through your staff hand book or induction pack you were given at work and explain any rules and regulations or policies you need to follow when completing records and reports at work some of which might include: †¢ Records should be completed as soon as possible after the event †¢ Details should be accurate †¢ Details should be relevant †¢ Details should be legible †¢ Details should clearly indicate if it is a fact, opinion or hearsay. Opinions are acceptable as long as it is clearly stated as such. †¢ Always record as little as possible but detailed and as much as necessary. 2, 3, 10, 11 Describe ways that you provide support to individuals to communicate their needs. How might your communication alter with different individuals ? What aids might be used to support effective communication ? Answer: To support individuals and key people to communicate their needs you will need to: a. Arrange the individual’s environment to facilitate effective communication and promote understanding. This can be done by ensuring privacy going into a quiet room, if the area is noisy because of the volume of a radio or television it needs to be reduced. Poor lighting in the room needs to be changed and some more that you can think of. b. As a care worker you need to check that the individual have the appropriate support to communicate their views. This could be making sure the individual who uses glasses and an hearing aid is supported by making sure the glasses is at client’s reach or that hearing aids is switched on and working properly. c. Appropriate styles and methods of communication should be used with respect to the individual. Such as: Active listening – showing be gestures that you are listening, sitting or standing half turned away gives the message that you are not listening. Responding appropriately – nodding your head.  Good body language and maintaining eye contact – Leaning forwards can be used effectively when you want to emphasize your interest or support. The methods that can be used to communicate effectively are: a. Support equality and diversity †¢ This can be done by using appropriate language that the service user understands also using the appropriate register of language, for instance not using phrases that could be referred to as jargon. Another method is to use the appropriate way of speaking within a speech community. For instance communicating with young people may mean using their style of language e.g. whats up with you, hello mate. †¢ Provision of communication aids and use of non-verbal communication if service user has hearing or vision impairments or learning and physical disabilities. b. Are effective when dealing with, and challenging discrimination †¢ Working with key people demands that you communicate in a language that they understand and also using simple words. For example the use of clinical words that is not commonly understood would not be necessary if you know they are not familiar with them. †¢ Sometimes we come across people who cannot understand us for one reason or the other instead of ignoring them it would be helpful to source a skilled interpreter but we still need to make effort to communicate with the person by learning some of the ways of communication or a few useful words from their language. The methods to support individuals to communicate are: Ensure environment is suitable (lighting, noise background) Provide interpreter if necessaryAllow sufficient time for individuals to understand the content of communication. Use relevant aids for communication (e.g. cards, symbols, hearing aids, large print) Provide advocate to speak for a service user Ensure written material is in suitable formats or language. Specific aids that may be used to support effective communication : Aided communication is communication supported or replaced by materials or equipment. There are simple materials or equipment used everyday such as a pen and paper to write messages, alphabet charts, pictures or symbols or photographs. Communication aids can be categorized into 3 broad groups: Symbolic Aids This is commonly the use of signs and symbols, it requires individuals to undertake a form of training on the correct forming of signs used and types of symbols: †¢ British Sign Language used as a communication aid for individual with hearing loss. †¢ Makaton used as an aid to support speech and not intended to replace it. †¢ Picture Exchange communication systems (PEC) This aid helps individuals to be independent as they able to exchange a picture for what they want from a compiled album of pictures. †¢ Deaf Blind manual alphabets Slightly modified version of the BSL. Finger- spelling alphabet is used. Technical Aids †¢ Talking microwaves usually for individuals with sight loss †¢ Computers which read out the text on the screen. †¢ Light writer this is a portable device into which the individual types in what they would want to say. Human Aids †¢ Interpreter is a person who supports the communication between two people who do not have the same language. This also includes the sign language. †¢ Translator is a person who changes the written word into an easier format for the individual to read. This could be into Braille or symbols. †¢ Advocate This is someone who speaks on behalf of an individual when they are not able to do so. 4, 5, 19 In relation to the promotion of effective communication, give examples of what you do to maintain the following laws and guidelines: a) Data Protection Act b) Access to Health Records Act c) The General Social Care Council Code of Conduct d) Standard 37 National Minimum Standards for Care Homes e) Caldicott Report Answer: a) To maintain Data Protection Act it is necessary to complete the records as soon as possible after the event and always record as little as possible but detailed and as much as necessary; to make sure that the details are accurate, relevant and legible and that they clearly indicate if it’s a fact, opinion or hearsay. Another important thing is that opinions are acceptable as long as it is clearly stated as such. The information shared by the individuals must be confidential to ensure data protection. In case that the information suggests that the client is under risk, the consent of the individual needs to be obtained before passing the information to an appropriate member of the staff, and even when the consent is not given it becomes important to report. b) To maintain the Access to Health Records Act I have to make sure that the records are accurate, legibly written, shareable so that the information can be used to provide individuals with the support and care required. The  members of a care team are fully informed of new developments and changes in a client’s care plan and the evidence of the actions taken in specific circumstances are available if the need arises. I can access information and records about an individual by: talking to the service user, accessing previous records after permission has been sought from the appropriate person, talking to colleagues who know the individual, to family members or to other professionals c) To maintain The General Social Care Council Code of Conduct, as a social care worker, I must establish and ensure the confidence of service users and carers. This includes: communicating in an appropriate, open, accurate and straightforward way; respecting confidential information and clearly explaining agency policies about confidentiality to service users and carers. I must be accountable for the quality of my work, I have to maintain clear and accurate records required by procedures established for my work. 6,7 Where can you find out about an individuals communication and language needs, information about communication and language skills to improve your practice ? Answer: I can find out about an individuals communication and language needs by asking my manager or the service user, discussing with other care workers who know the individual, talking to family members, to a speech therapist or other professionals for advice, exploring the internet or consulting a library for more information. In order to improve my practice, I can find out about information, communication and language skills by asking my supervisor or manager, or colleagues who have confronted with similar cases. I can also consult the case notes of the individual, or relevant documents provided by the organization that will help me learn how to communicate effectively – for example the induction manuals, search for information via the internet or specialist organizations for the particular condition, attend relevant training courses to communication, supervision and appraisal sessions. 9  What factors may affect communication skills, abilities and behaviour of an individual ? How may they react as a result of these factors? Answer: Factors that can affect communication skills, abilities and behaviour of an individual are: Physical Impairments visual and hearing Language barriers accents, different language Cognitive or sensory impairments learning difficulties, memory loss, Illness – dementia, stroke Environmental problems – poor lighting, noisy environments If this happens, the individual in question becomes withdrawn from others around them, isolated from others. This may affect his self-esteem and self-confidence negatively. That individual may also become confused, angry and frustrated. 12  If you were trying to have a conversation with an individual how would you arrange the environment and position yourself to communicate effectively? Answer: First of all, I have to make sure that there isn’t any background noise that could make the communication difficult. Then, another important step to achieve effective communication with individuals is arranging the environment to aid communication. Here are some factors that can hinder or disturb good communication: Poor lighting, because individuals with poor sight are unable to see you Background noise from the radio, other individuals, TV and so on Obstacles between me, the care worker, and the individual, for example furniture and household items Insufficient distance to keep appropriate space within me and the individual to avoid encroaching or invading on their personal space 13, 14  Describe some conflicts that might occur as a result of communication difficulties. How would you deal with these conflicts? Answer: Some of the conflicts that might occur as a result of communication difficulties are: individuals can become frustrated and isolated when the  communication between themselves and their workers is encountering problems. These problems or dilemmas are sometimes the result of: a difference in the language spoken by the service user and the worker the service user has visual impairments or hearing difficulties the individual might have a physical illness or disability either physical disability or learning disability. There are many ways to solve the conflicts that might occur. It depends on the nature of the problem. For example, for: †¢ Language differences: If there are conflicts due to language differences, then an interpreter will be appropriate for any serious discussions or communications. Efforts should be made to learn a few important words to communicate with the individual or teach the individual some words in the workers language if they are willing to facilitate communication. Non verbal communication will be an effective method in solving this kind of conflict. †¢ Hearing difficulties: Individual with hearing difficulties need to be assisted to ensure their hearing aids are working and fitted properly. It would be necessary that a worker will assist the individual to clean the equipment, change the batteries when appropriate. Workers will also need to give the client the appropriate space and communication pace that would make communication effective. If the need arises words can be written down for clarity. The use of signs and telecommunication services such as type talk service are very useful. †¢ Visual difficulties: Individual with visual difficulties need to be provided with glasses or contact lenses so they can observe non verbal communication. This will prevent misunderstandings during communication with people. †¢ Physical disabilities: Communications with individuals in this category will be according to the type of physical disability or illness. If the illness has affected the individual’s ability to speak and understand, for instance a stroke then the use of short, simple sentences, gestures, writing and drawing or using flash cards, the use of closed questions which only need yes or no should be useful. †¢ Some illness do not affect the clients understanding, so there is no need to speak slowly but will need to be patient to receive a response as the client might have difficulty with their speech e.g. stroke. †¢ Learning disabilities: The method of communication will depend on the level of the disability. I will need to communicate at the pace and space suitable for the client. Physical contacts are of an advantage to be used along with  verbal communication. †¢ Cultural differences: People have different cultural backgrounds, therefore it is necessary to find out from the individuals their communication preferences or alternatively check their care plan records or ask people such as their family, f riends, colleagues or key people who have worked with them. 15, 16  When communicating difficult, sensitive or complex messages, how might your style of communication alter? What type of environment would be most appropriate for this sort of communication ? Answer: Communicating with individuals who are distressed or upset due to bereavement this could be sensitive, complex or difficult. In this situation, I will ask if the person would want to discuss any concerns with me or maybe another person of their choice. I can use non verbal communication while been a good listener such as making good eye contact with the individual as she talks, which will depict that I’m willing to listen. If the client is displaying a behaviour that dictates that they are able to put others or themselves at risk, then I might need to involve the attention of appropriate members of the care team. For this sort of communication, the environment must be comfortable and appropriate. I would come across times when I need to discuss matters with individuals that are referred to as sensitive issues. If an individual needs to discuss his personal needs with me, I have to ensure that he feels comfortable and encouraged to communicate these issues. On the other hand, I might want to discuss with the service user about their changing needs such as diet, incontinence, mobility and so on. Communicating bad news, like a bereavement of a spouse or close person to the individual will also require certain communication skills. The things that should take into account are: †¢ Remember individuals have a right to their privacy, therefore the immediate environment should be arranged to ensure privacy. For example a client’s bedroom or apartament should be free from visitors at the time. †¢ Individual’s preferred method of communication should be made available. †¢ Communication should be made at the pace of the individual, giving enough time for both of us to understand the content of the communication. †¢ Observe and respond appropriately to reactions fromà ‚  individuals. 17  Who do you need to gain permission from to access records and why ? Answer: I need to gain permission of my manager or client to access records. Accessing information will help me to improve my practice and also my responsibility. Within the organization there should be relevant documents to access information or if I work with individuals in their own home the care plan should contain useful information. 18  Define the following words: a) Fact b) Opinion c) Judgement Why is it important that you aware of the difference of these words when reporting and recording information about individuals ? Answer: a) A fact is a true statement that cannot be disputed, knowledge or information based on real occurrences; something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed. b) An opinion is a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty- it is the result of emotion or interpretation of facts, a subjective statement or thought about an issue or topic. An opinion may be supported by an argument, although people may draw opposing opinions from the same set of facts. c) A judgement is a cognitive process of reaching a decision or drawing conclusions. Judgments are also personal and developed from experience; they differ from person to person. For example, if a client is dying and all the symptoms and signs show the evidence, reports and records should show these facts. On the other hand if the client only refused to talk, people might have different opinions and judgments to explain the reason. Records and reports will need to be verified to deduce the correct and most suitable reason. It is important to aware of the difference of these words when reporting and recording information about individuals because I have the responsabiliy to provide seamless services for individuals, and this thing can be done only if the  information is correct, precise.

Native Son Essay: The Tragedy -- Native Son Essays

Native Son: The Tragedy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard Wright's Native Son a very moving novel. Perhaps this is largely due to Wright's skillful merging of his narrative voice with Bigger's which allows the reader to feel he is also inside Bigger's skin. There is no question that Bigger is a tragic figure, even an archetypical one, as he represents the African American experience of oppression in America. Wright states in the introduction, however, that there are Biggers among every oppressed people throughout the world, arguing that many of the rapidly changing and uncertain conditions of the modern world, a modern world largely founded on imperialism and exploitation, have created people like Bigger, restless and adrift, searching for a place for themselves in a world that, for them, has lost many of its cultural and spiritual centers. Because Wright chose to deal with the experience he knew best, Native Son is an exploration of how the pressure and racism of the American cultural environment affects black peop le, their feelings, thoughts, self-images, in fact, their entire lives, for one learns from Native Son that oppression permeates every aspect of life for both the oppressed and oppressor, though for one it is more overt than the other. Though this paper deals with Bigger's character and how the last scene of the novel reflects an evolution and realization in his character in terms of Arthur Miller's definition of tragedy, the issue of mass oppression of one people by another embodies the dimensions of a larger tragedy that is painfully embedded within human history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many of Native Son's earlier scenes serve Wright's purposes in showing how America's white rascism affects Bigger's behavior, his thinking and... ...rd Wright's Art of Tragedy. Iowa City: U of Iowa Press, 1986. Kinnamon, Keneth and Michel Fabre, eds. Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993. Kinnamon, Keneth. The Emergence of Richard Wright: A Study Literature and Society. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1973. Kinnamon, Keneth, ed. New Essays on Native Son. New York: Cambridge UP, 1990. Macksey, Richard and Frank E. Moorer, eds. Richard Wright: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984. Margolies, Edward. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1969. Miller, Eugene E. Voice of a Native Son: The Poetics of Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1990. Rampersad, Arnold, ed. Richard Wright: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995.      

Goblin Shark

Maggie Payne Per. 3 10/16/12 Final Draft Most people probably think that sharks appeared around the same time as dinosaurs. But in fact they were alive about 132 million years before the dinosaurs. Even though sharks are older than humans, we still know very little about them. The things we do know are their structure, most species’ habitats, and what sharks are used for by humans. The Goblin shark is slightly different from other species such as the Great White shark or the Hammerhead shark. But all sharks have an odd skeleton, it’s odd because it’s made up of cartilage and it’s very flexible.Sharks also have slightly different organs from that of a human. For example, their stomach is very long, it stretches from the middle of their pectoral fin to the bottom of their belly. They also have spiral shaped intestines, a large liver, and a small heart located between the front of their pectoral fin and mouth, bellow the gills. They also have small spikes coa ting their skin called denticles. Sharks have the same five senses as humans do plus one extra sense. Shark’s have very small holes around their head called â€Å"ampullae of Lorenzini†.These give sharks the ability to sense small electrical currents given off by other animals within one meter. Most sharks use this as an advantage while hunting while others don’t need to. For example, they will use it while hunting for fish hidden in the sand on the sea floor. Sharks are used for many things, which is causing them to become endangered. Their flesh is used for all sorts of food including, shark fin soup, fish and chips, smoked shark, canned shark and shark fish cakes, dog food, and sashimi.Most of them are caught off of Honshu, a main island of Japan, causing the various Japanese dishes. Sharks are also used for various medical reasons like cornea transplants. Heart disease medicine is made with chemicals extracted from shark blood, there are even shark oil table ts. Burnt angel shark skin was once used to treat skin disease, and cartilage is used to treat burns. Sharks are often still hunted for their skin which is used for many things. For example, polished shark skin is used for purses, shoes, and to cover books and science tools.Shark skin was also used unpolished and with the denticles still on them, this is called Shagreen, which was used for non-stick grips and sword hilts. Also, shark teeth are often found and used to make jewelry such as necklaces. Although these things are good for humans, they are very bad for sharks because, they are becoming endangered. It’s bad because, if sharks went extinct, we would have a lot of big fish and seals to worry about because, they would be eating penguins and other birds that dwell near water and they might even eventually become a danger for humans.Sadly, the goblin shark is probably one of the sharks that gets caught and eaten. This would be an odd sight too. Why? Well, the goblin shark has very flabby skin that is bubble gum pink with a blue tint on their fins. When they die, they turn from that pink color to brown. They are generally about three to ten feet long but can grow up to thirteen feet long. They have an elongated snout which protrudes out of its forehead. It also has a long tail which looks similar to a frilled shark’s tail.The goblin sharks jaw can extend out of their skull to the full length of their snout. Because of this, the prey rarely gets away, another advantage that the goblin shark has on its prey is how its teeth are shaped. The teeth are long, dagger like, and smooth edged like, those of a Sandtiger shark. But the goblin sharks back teeth are flattened for crushing things like shells. The teeth are probably like this because they feed on fish, cephalopods, and crustaceans such as crabs. They most likely feed on all these different things because of their habitat.They are scattered around the world and are found in the eastern and wes tern Atlantic, specifically near French Guiana, the Bay of Biscay, Madeira, Portugal, and South Africa. In the western Indian ocean near South Africa, and in the western Pacific, near Japan and Australia. They live about 40-280 meters below sea level which is near the bottom of the mesopelagic region of the ocean. They are at this depth because; they like to be near the outer shelf and upper slope area of the ocean. Most species of sharks like to be near, if not in, coral reefs like the Sandtiger shark.While others like to be in really deep water, like the Goblin shark. Even though they like different depths of the ocean the Goblin and Sandtiger shark are very similar and from the same family, but the Goblin shark evolved before the Sandtiger shark. Despite how much we know about sharks, and how many species we have found, we actually know very little. We have actually only discovered about 400 species, most of which we know very little about. For example, we are still trying to und erstand and learn more about the great white sharks and they are one of the most well known species.We are still trying to learn more about them because; there is a time in the year when they disappear for a short while. Scientists have guessed that it’s when they retreat to their breeding grounds. Humans even know a lot less about the goblin shark than the great white shark which means we have a lot to learn. Especially since there are also a lot of different species of other sea life we haven’t discovered and we might not for a long while because we are unable to get to the bottom of the deepest trenches and have enough time to thoroughly search them.